Submissions from 2023
Center for Biomedical Research at the Population Council, Population Council
Changement de comportement des prestataires : approches de changement social et de comportement pour la qualité des soins dans la planification familiale, Breakthrough RESEARCH
Comprehensive sexuality education linked to sexual and reproductive health services reduces early and unintended pregnancies among in-school adolescent girls in Zambia, Michael Mbizvo, Kondwani Kasonda, Nelly-Claire Muntalima, Joseph G. Rosen, Sophie Inambwae, Edith S. Namukonda, Ronald Mungoni, Natasha Okpara, Chifundo Phiri, Nachela Chelwa, and Chabu Kangale
Creating reproductive health behavioral profiles for women of reproductive age in Niger using cross-sectional survey data: A latent class analysis, Leanne Dougherty, Nicole M. Bellows, and Chaibou Dadi
Differences in quality of care of family planning services received by age and contraceptive continuation among young mothers in India, Elizabeth Tobey, Aparna Jain, and Arupendra Mozumdar
Examining the longitudinal relationship between intimate partner violence and couples’ marital quality in rural India, Sangeeta Chatterji, Nicole Johns, Mohan Ghule, Shahina Begum, Sarah Averbach, Madhusudan Battala, and Anita Raj
Financing gaps for Pakistan's contraceptive prevalence goals: Analyses using the Guttmacher adding-it-up methodology, Zeba Sathar, Susheela Singh, Sabahat Hussain, and Maqsood Sadiq
How to measure provider behavior change impact, Breakthrough RESEARCH
Hysterectomy and women’s health in India: Evidence from a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of older women, Sapna Desai, Roopal Jyoti Singh, Dipti Govil, Devaki Nambiar, Ankita Shukla, Hemali Heidi Sinha, Rajani Ved, Neerja Bhatla, and Gita D. Mishra
Improving measures of access to legal abortion: A validation study triangulating multiple data sources to assess a global indicator, Caitlin R. Williams, Paula Vázquez, Carolina Nigri, Richard M. Adanu, Delia Bandoh, Mabel Berrueta, Suchandrima Chakraborty, Jewel Gausman, Ernest Kenu, Nizamuddin Khan, Ana Langer, Magdalene Odikro, Sowmya Ramesh, Niranjan Saggurti, Veronica Pingray, and R. Rima Jolivet
Infections averted by a comprehensive HIV prevention intervention and its cost-effectiveness: A prospective cohort study of persons who inject drugs in Delhi, India, Lopamudra Ray Saraswati, Aparajita Dasgupta, Indrani Gupta, Julie Pulerwitz, and Avina Sarna
Investing in the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in Pakistan, Huma Iqbal
Investing in the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in Pakistan [in Urdu], Huma Iqbal
New approaches for developing biomarkers of hormonal contraceptive use, Rakhee Sachdeva, Narender Kumar, Vivian Brache, Barbara Friedland, Marlena Gehret Plagianos, Shimin Zhang, Larisa Kizima, Leila Cochon, Ana Sofía Tejada Tabar, Ann K. Blanc, and Ruth Merkatz
Provider behavior change: Social and behavior change approaches to quality of care in family planning, Breakthrough RESEARCH
Provider Behavior Change: Social and Behavior Change Approaches to Quality of Care in Family Planning, Breakthrough RESEARCH
Provider Behavior Change: Social and Behavior Change Approaches to Quality of Care in Family Planning—Slide deck, Breakthrough RESEARCH
Testing theory of change assumptions of health behavior change interventions: A blended approach exploring local contexts, Avishek Hazra, Jaleel Ahmad, P.S. Mohanan, Supriya, Raj Kumar Verma, and Sanjeev Sridharan
Submissions from 2022
Access to HIV/AIDS or TB care among refugees in Kampala, Uganda: Exploring the enablers and barriers during the COVID-19 pandemic, George Palattiyil, Peter Kisaakye, Hadijah Mwenyango, Simon Katongole, Francis Mulekya, Dina Sidhva, Harish Nair, and Paul Bukuluki
A community mobilisation intervention to improve engagement in HIV testing, linkage to care, and retention in care in South Africa: A cluster-randomised controlled trial, Sheri A. Lippman, Audrey Pettifor, Mi-Suk Kang Dufour, Chodziwadziwa Whiteson Kabudula, Rhian Twine, Dean Peacock, Rhandzekile Mathebula, Aimée Julien, Rebecca West, Torsten B. Neilands, Ryan Wagner, Ann Gottert, F. Xavier Gómez-Olivé, Dumisani Rebombo, Nicole Haberland, Julie Pulerwitz, Louis Pappie Majuba, Stephen Tollman, and Kathleen Kahn
A content analysis of Reddit users’ posts about challenges to contraceptive care-seeking during COVID-19-related restrictions in the United States, Zoe H. Pleasure, Lori F. Frohwirth, Naomi Li, and Chelsea Polis
Addressing communication taboos motivates social and behavioral changes in Niamey and Abidjan: Evaluation of the Merci Mons Héros media campaign, Breakthrough RESEARCH
Age-of-consent requirements and adolescent HIV testing in low-and middle-income countries: Multinational insights from 51 population-based surveys, Joseph G. Rosen, Elizabeth M. Stone, and Michael Mbizvo
A mixed-methods study of factors influencing postpartum intrauterine device uptake after family planning counseling among women in Kigali, Rwanda, Mariama S. Tounkara, Rosine Ingabire, Dawn L. Comeau, Etienne Karita, Susan Allen, Julien Nyombayire, Rachel Parker, Lisa Haddad, Vanessa Da Costa, Amanda Tichacek, Amelia Mazzei, Jeannine Mukamuyango, and Kristin M. Wall
A qualitative study of how stigma influences HIV services for transgender men and women in Nigeria, Waimar Tun, Julie Pulerwitz, Elizabeth Shoyemi, Anita Fernandez, Adepeju Adeniran, Franklin Ejiogu, Olusegun Sangowawa, Krista Granger, Osasuyi Dirisu, and Adebola A. Adedimeji
A research agenda to strengthen evidence generation and utilisation to accelerate the elimination of female genital mutilation, Dennis Matanda and Esther Lwanga Walgwe
Assessing effectiveness of a person-centered group ANC-PNC model among first-time young mothers and their partners for improving quality and use of MNCH-FP services, Sharif M.I. Hossain, Shongkour Roy, Sigma Ainul, Abdullah Al Mahmud Shohag, A.T.M. Rezaul Karim, and Ubaidur Rob
Assessing engagement of adolescents and young adults (AYA) in HIV research: A multi-method analysis of a crowdsourcing open call and typology of AYA engagement in sub-Saharan Africa, Kadija M. Tahlil, Laura Rachal, Titi Gbajabiamila, Ucheoma Nwaozuru, Chisom Obiezu-Umeh, Takhona Hlatshwako, Mandikudza Tembo, Nicola Willis, Carine Oum Nyagog, Susan Vorkoper, Rachel Sturke, Nora E. Rosenberg, Victor Ojo, Isaac Moses, Nadia Ahmed, Kristin Beima-Sofie, Sarah Roberts, Brenda Kateera, Eleanor Namisoke-Magongo, Michael Mbizvo, Juliet Iwelunmor, Oliver Ezechi, and Joseph D. Tucker
Assessing layered HIV prevention programming: Optimizing outcomes for adolescent girls and young women, Sanyukta Mathur, Raman Mishra, Bidhubhusan Mahapatra, Craig Heck, and Jerry Okoth Okal
Asset and consumption gradient of health estimates in India: Implications for survey and public health research, Sanjay Kumar Mohanty, S.K. Singh, Santosh Kumar Sharma, Kajori Banerjee, and Rajib Acharya
Association between the place of abortion and post-abortion contraceptive adoption and continuation: The case of India, Kirti Gaur, Ankita Shukla, and Rajib Acharya
Association of traditional marital practices with contraceptive decision-making, couple communication, and method use among couples in rural Maharashtra, India, Anvita Dixit, Nicole E. Johns, Mohan Ghule, Madhusudana Battala, Shahina Begum, Niranjan Saggurti, Jay G. Silverman, Elizabeth Reed, Susan M. Kiene, Tarik Benmarhnia, Sarah Averbach, and Anita Raj
Associations between contraceptive decision-making and marital contraceptive communication and use in rural Maharashtra, India, Melody Nazarbegian, Sarah Averbach, Nicole E. Johns, Mohan Ghule, Jay G. Silverman, Rebecka Lundgren, Madhusudana Battala, Shahina Begum, and Anita Raj
Barriers and facilitators of access to maternal, newborn and child health services during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: Findings from a qualitative study, Godwin O. Akaba, Osasuyi Dirisu, Kehinde Okunade, Eseoghene Adams, Jane Ohioghame, Obioma O. Obikeze, Emmanuel Izuka, Maryam Sulieman, and Michael Edeh
Behavioral tactics to support providers in offering quality care: Insights from provider behavior change research and practice, Emily Zimmerman and Jana Smith
Behavioural barriers and perceived trade-offs to care-seeking for tuberculosis in the Philippines, Emily Zimmerman, Jana Smith, Rachel Banay, Madeline Kau, and Anna Marie Celina G. Garfin
Breakthrough RESEARCH's evaluation of Breakthrough ACTION Nigeria’s community capacity strengthening approach, Martha Silva, Nrupa Jani, Adetayo Adetunji, and Mayokun Adediran
Breakthrough RESEARCH—Social and Behavior Change Costing Community of Practice Series Brief #5: Are integrated social and behavior change interventions cost-effective? A methodological approach, Breakthrough RESEARCH
Causal mechanisms linking education with fertility, HIV, and child mortality: A systematic review, Fatima Zahra, Nicole Haberland, and Stephanie Psaki
Challenges and measures to improve interviewers’ bias in large-scale demographic surveys in India: Some suggestions based on analysis of NFHS-4 data, Tarun K. Roy and Rajib Acharya
Changes in clients' perceptions of family planning quality of care in Kaduna and Lagos States, Nigeria: A mixed methods study, Toyin O. Akomolafe, Funmilola Olaolorun, Emeka Okafor, Sikiru Baruwa, Kayode Afolabi, and Aparna Jain
Changes in prevalence of violence and risk factors for violence and HIV among children and young people in Kenya: A comparison of the 2010 and 2019 Kenya Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys, Francis B. Annor, Laura F. Chiang, Patricia Oluoch, Vivienne Mang'oli, Marygorret Mogaka, Mary Mwangi, Anne Ngunjiri, Francis Obare Onyango, Thomas Achia, Pragna Patel, Greta M. Massetti, Linda L. Dahlberg, Thomas R. Simon, and James A. Mercy
Changing the script: Intergenerational communication about sexual and reproductive health in Niamey, Niger, Martha Silva, Sethson Kassegne, Robert-Hugues Y. Nagbe, Lorimpo Babogou, Rebecca Ezouatchi, Abdou Louche Ado, Farida Moussa, and Leanne Dougherty
Childhood vaccinations and demographic transition: Long-term evidence from India, Arindam Nandi, Amit Summan, Thoai Ngo, and David E. Bloom
Client experiences in a mobile-phone counseling intervention for enhancing access to prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services in Kenya, Jerry Okoth Okal, Avina Sarna, Daniel Lango, James K. Matheka, Danmark Owuor, Eunice Auma Kinywa, and Sam Kalibala
Comment utiliser une théorie du changement pour assurer le suivi des programmes de changement social et comportemental et les évaluer, Breakthrough RESEARCH
Comparative analysis of contraceptive use in Punjab and Manipur: Exploring beyond women’s education and empowerment, Anjali Sharma, Abhishek Kumar, S.K. Mohanty, and Arupendra Mozumdar
Confirming—and testing—bonds of trust: A mixed methods study exploring community health workers’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh, Haiti and Kenya, Pooja Sripad, Ann Gottert, Timothy Abuya, Alain Casseus, Sharif M.I. Hossain, Smisha Agarwal, and Charlotte E. Warren
Crisis upon crisis: A qualitative study exploring the joint effect of the political, economic, and pandemic challenges in Lebanon on Syrian refugee women's fertility preferences and behaviour, Rima Mourtada and Andrea J. Melnikas
Determining a trusting environment for maternity care: A framework based on perspectives of women, communities, service providers, and managers in peri-urban Kenya, Pooja Sripad, Maria W. Merritt, Deanna Kerrigan, Timothy Abuya, Charity Ndwiga, and Charlotte E. Warren
Determining the most significant changes on intergenerational communication and young people’s family planning and reproductive health outcomes: Qualitative evaluation of the Merci Mon Héros media campaign in Niger and Côte d’Ivoire, Martha Silva, Sethson Kassegne, Robert-Hugues Yaovi Nagbe, Rebecca Ezouatchi, Lorimpo Babogou, and Farida Moussa
Developing and testing a chatbot to integrate HIV education into family planning clinic waiting areas in Lusaka, Zambia, Eileen Yam, Edith S. Namukonda, Tracy McClair, Samir Souidi, Nachela Chelwa, Nelly-Claire Muntalima, Michael Mbizvo, and Benjamin Bellows
Devolved health system capacity in the provision of care for sick newborns and young infants in four counties serving vulnerable populations in Kenya, Jesse Gitaka, Samuel Mbugua, Peter Mwaura, Daniel Gatungu, David Githanga, Charity Ndwiga, Timothy Abuya, Kezia K’Oduol, Wilson Liambila, and Fred Were
Did COVID-19 impact contraceptive uptake? Evidence from Senegal, Kamil Fuseini, Leah Jarvis, Augustine Ankomah, Fatou Mbow, and Michelle J. Hindin
Differences in HIV, STI and other risk factors among younger and older male sex workers who have sex with men in Nairobi, Kenya, Nicholas Muraguri, Jerry Okoth Okal, Marleen Temmerman, Helgar Musyoki, and Peter Gichangi
Effect of adolescent female fertility and healthcare spending on maternal and neonatal mortality in low resource setting of South Asia, Shongkour Roy and Tanjina Khatun
Effects of men’s lifetime adverse events experience on violence, HIV risk, and wellbeing: Insights from three countries, Julie Pulerwitz, Tracy McClair, Ann Gottert, Patrick Shabangu, Cherie Cawood, Effie Chipeta, and Sanyukta Mathur
Evaluating the impact of three progestin-based hormonal contraceptive methods on immunologic changes in the female genital tract and systemically (CHIME Study): A prospective cohort study protocol, Lisa Haddad, Gina Bailey Herring, C. Christina Mehta, Tyree Staple, Marisa R. Young, Sakthivel Govindaraj, Vijayakumar Velu, and Alicia K. Smith
Evaluation of a gender synchronized family planning intervention for married couples in rural India: The CHARM2 cluster randomized control trial, Anita Raj, Mohan Ghule, Nicole Johns, Madhusudana Battala, Shahina Begum, Anvita Dixit, Florin Vaida, Niranjan Saggurti, Jay G. Silverman, and Sarah Averbach
Evaluation of RISE II integrated social and behavior change activities in Niger: Baseline report, Leanne Dougherty, Lynn Abu Turk, Nrupa Jani, and Chaibou Dadi
Examining roles, support, and experiences of community health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A mixed methods study, Shongkour Roy, Sarah Kennedy, Sharif M.I. Hossain, Charlotte E. Warren, and Pooja Sripad
Experience of care of hospitalized newborns and young children and their parents: A scoping review, Charity Ndwiga, Charlotte E. Warren, Chantalle Okondo, Timothy Abuya, and Pooja Sripad
Exploring awareness of obstetric fistula in eastern and northern Nigeria: Perceived causes, symptoms, and availability of treatment services, Emmanuel Nwala, Charles Nwaigwe, Pooja Sripad, Charlotte E. Warren, Salisu Mohammed Ishaku, and Solomon Kongyamba
Expressions of power in health care providers’ experiences and behavior, Breakthrough RESEARCH
Extramarital fertility in low- and middle-income countries, John Bongaarts and John B. Casterline
Family planning services during the first wave of COVID-19 in four West African countries: Lessons from a study, Aguima Frank Tankoano, Hassane Atamo, and Dela Nai
Feasibility of e-commerce pharmacy provision and acceptability of levonorgestrel 1.5 mg for pericoital use in urban and peri-urban settings in Kenya: A prospective cohort study, George Odwe, Brent McCann, Wilson Liambila, Jessica Vandermark, Daniel Mwanga, Edna Anab, Moses Wanami, and Saumya RamaRao
Fertility Transition in the Developing World, John Bongaarts and Dennis Hodgson
Global assessments of sexual and reproductive health needs of rural-urban migrants in an urbanizing world, Leiwen Jiang and Timothy Thomas
Health worker perceptions of stigma towards Zambian adolescent girls and young women: A qualitative study, Caroline Meek, Drosin Mulenga, Patrick Edwards, Sophie Inambwae, Nachela Chelwa, Michael Mbizvo, Sarah Roberts, Sujha Subramanian, and Laura Nyblade
Healthy women, healthy families: Summary of findings from baseline assessment, Sharif M.I. Hossain, Shongkour Roy, Sigma Ainul, Abdullah Al Mahmud Shohag, A.T.M. Rezaul Karim, and Ubaidur Rob
Hearing from men living with HIV: Experiences with HIV testing, treatment, and viral load suppression in four high-prevalence countries in sub-Saharan Africa, John Mark Wiginton, Sanyukta Mathur, Ann Gottert, Nanlesta Pilgrim, and Julie Pulerwitz
How can behavioral determinant data inform family planning SBC programs and policies?, Leanne Dougherty and Phil Anglewicz
How do changes in motivation to prevent pregnancy influence contraceptive continuation? Results from a longitudinal study with women who receive family planning services from community pharmacists and patent and proprietary medicine vendors in Nigeria, Sara Chace Dwyer, Sikiru Baruwa, Emeka Okafor, Babajide Oluseyi Daini, Osimhen Ubuane, and Aparna Jain
How do fertility intentions lead to contraceptive continuation among a cohort of family planning users who received services from the private sector in Nigeria, Sara Chace Dwyer, Aparna Jain, Sikiru Baruwa, Emeka Okafor, Babajide Oluseyi Daini, and Osimhen Ubuane
How to leverage social listening to inform social and behavior change programs, Martha Silva and Jonathan Walker
How to use a theory of change to monitor and evaluate social and behavior change programs, Breakthrough RESEARCH
Husbands’ concerns and experiences with the progesterone vaginal ring in three sub-Saharan African countries: A mixed methods study, Francis Obare Onyango, Fatou Mbow, Saumya RamaRao, and Avishek Hazra
Identification des changements les plus significatifs sur la communication intergénérationnelle et la santé des jeunes en matière de planification familiale et de santé de reproduction : évaluation qualitative de la campagne médiatique « Merci Mon Héros » au Niger et en Côte d’Ivoire, Martha Silva, Sethson Kassegne, Robert-Hugues Yaovi Nagbe, Rebecca Ezouatchi, Lorimpo Babogou, and Farida Moussa
If we ask, will they tell? (and then, what?): Screening for sexual violence against children in Kenya, Chi-Chi Undie and Margaret Mak'anyengo
Impact of community and provider-driven social accountability interventions on contraceptive uptake in Ghana and Tanzania, Petrus S. Steyn, Joanna Paula Cordero, Dela Nai, Donat Shamba, Kamil Fuseini, Sigilbert Mrema, Ndema Habib, My Huong Nguyen, and James Kiarie
Impact of COVID-19 on adolescent HIV prevention and treatment research in the AHISA Network, Elizabeth D. Lowenthal, Stephanie M. DeLong, Brian Zanoni, Irene Njuguna, Kristin Beima-Sofie, Dorothy Dow, Aisa Shayo, Alana Schreibman, Charisse V. Ahmed, Jennifer Chapman, Lydia Chen, Shreya Mehta, and Michael Mbizvo
Impact of COVID-19 on the use of emergency contraceptives in Ghana: An interrupted time series analysis, Kamil Fuseini, Leah Jarvis, Michelle J. Hindin, Kofi Issah, and Augustine Ankomah
Implementation and evaluation of a large-scale postpartum family planning program in Rwanda: Study protocol for a clinic-randomized controlled trial, Kristin M. Wall, Rosine Ingabire, Amelia Mazzei, Claudine Umuhoza, Rachel Parker, Amanda Tichacek, Azhar Nizam, Jessica M. Sales, Lisa Haddad, Phaedra Corso, Susan Allen, Julien Nyombayire, and Etienne Karita
Informational materials: Dual prevention pill, Population Council
Informing social media campaigns through social listening and monitoring summary, Digital Health Compendium
Inroads for HIV prevention among men: Findings from mixed methods research in the context of the DREAMS partnership in Southern Africa, Ann Gottert, Julie Pulerwitz, Craig Heck, Patrick Shabangu, Bhekumusa Lukhele, Cherie Cawood, David Khanyile, Louis Apicella, Jerry Okoth Okal, and Sanyukta Mathur
Integrated health care delivery for adolescents living with and at risk of HIV infection: A review of models and actions for implementation, Sujha Subramanian, Eleanor Namusoke-Magongo, Patrick Edwards, Millicent Atujuna, Teddy Chimulwa, Dorothy Dow, Emilia Jalil, Nguavese Torbunde, Kawango Agot, Ivan Arinaitwe, Jenny Beizer, Nachela Chelwa, Scovia Nalugo Mbalinda, Sam Miti, and Florence Mwangwa
Intersections of financial agency, gender dynamics, and HIV risk: A qualitative study with adolescent girls and young women in Zambia, Laura Gauer Bermudez, Drosin Mulenga, Maurice Musheke, and Sanyukta Mathur
Interventions to improve the reproductive health of undocumented female migrants and refugees in protracted situations: A systematic review, Silvana Larrea-Schiavon, Lucía Vázquez Quesada, Lindsay R. Bartlett, Nayeli Lam-Cervantes, Pooja Sripad, Isabel Vieitez Martínez, and Liliana Coutiño-Escamilla
Is living in a region with high groundwater arsenic contamination associated with adverse reproductive health outcomes? An analysis using nationally representative data from India, Jessie Pinchoff, Brent Monseur, Sapna Desai, Katelyn Koons, Ruben Alvero, and Michelle J. Hindin
Longitudinal examination of young married women's fertility and family planning intentions and how they relate to subsequent family planning use in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh India, Ilene Speizer, A.J. Francis Zavier, Lisa M. Calhoun, Priya Nanda, Niranjan Saggurti, and Gwyn Hainsworth
Manifestations, responses, and consequences of mistreatment of sick newborns and young infants and their parents in health facilities in Kenya, Timothy Abuya, Charlotte E. Warren, Charity Ndwiga, Chantalle Okondo, Emma Sacks, and Pooja Sripad
Matching intent with intensity: Implementation research on the intensity of health and nutrition programs with women's self-help groups in India, Avishek Hazra, Aikantika Das, Jaleel Ahmad, Shivani Singh, Indrajit Chaudhuri, Apollonius Purty, Audrey Prost, and Sapna Desai
Measuring potential interest in a postpartum contraceptive vaginal ring among breastfeeding women in India, Lorna Begg, James Sailer, Avishek Hazra, Malabika Roy, Ruth Merkatz, Lisa Haddad, Rebecca Brodsky, and John Bongaarts
Multisectoral, combination HIV prevention for adolescent girls and young women: A qualitative study of the DREAMS implementation trajectory in Zambia, Joseph G. Rosen, Maurice Musheke, Drosin Mulenga, Edith S. Namukonda, Nrupa Jani, Michael Mbizvo, Julie Pulerwitz, and Sanyukta Mathur
Multisite, mixed methods study to validate 10 maternal health system and policy indicators in Argentina, Ghana and India: A research protocol, R. Rima Jolivet, Jewel Gausman, Richard M. Adanu, Delia Bandoh, Maria Belizan, Mabel Berrueta, Suchandrima Chakraborty, Ernest Kenu, Nizamuddin Khan, Magdalene Odikro, Veronica Pingray, Sowmya Ramesh, Niranjan Saggurti, Paula Vázquez, and Ana Langer
Necesidades y atención en salud sexual y reproductiva de mujeres migrantes en México: Un estudio desde Ciudad Juárez—Volumen 3, Jesús Peña, Lucía Vázquez Quesada, and Isabel Vieitez Martínez
Nestorone nanosuspension-loaded dissolving microneedles array patch: A promising novel approach for “on-demand” hormonal female-controlled peritcoital contraception, Ebru Altuntaş, Ismaiel A. Tekko, Lalitkumar K. Vora, Narender Kumar, Rebecca Brodsky, Olivier Chevallier, Emma McAlister, Qonita Kurnia Anjani, Helen O. McCarthy, and Ryan F. Donnelly
New client-centered discontinuation measures using the Demographic and Health Survey calendar data, Aparna Jain and Elizabeth Tobey